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''Onopordum'' L., cottonthistle, is a genus of plants in the thistle tribe within the Asteraceae.〔(Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 827 ) in Latin〕 They are native to southern Europe, northern Africa, the Canary Islands, the Caucasus, and southwest and central Asia. They grow on disturbed land, roadsides, arable land and pastures.〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Onopordum'' ) includes photos and distribution maps for several species〕 They are biennials (rarely short-lived perennials) with branched, spinose winged stems, growing 0.5–3 m tall. In the first season they form a basal rosette of gray-green felted leaves and rarely a few flower heads. In the second season they grow rapidly to their final height, flowering extensively, and then die off after seed maturation.〔(Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 159, 大翅蓟属 da chi ji shu ''Onopordum'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 827. 1753. )〕 The leaves are dentate or shallowly lobed to compound with several pinnatifid or deeply cut leaflets, and strongly spiny. The terminal flower head is typical for thistles, a semi-spherical to ovoid capitulum with purple (seldom white or pink) disc florets. There are no ray florets. The receptacle is glabrous with dentate margins. The tube of the corolla is slender, sac-shaped and symmetrical. The anthers have awl-shaped outgrowths on the top. The capitula have several overlapping rows of leathery basal simple linear-lanceolate spines. These are smooth to slightly pubescent. These plants propagate only by seed. The seed heads mature in mid-summer, releasing their seeds. The fruit is a glabrous achene, 4–6 mm long and with 4-50 ribs. The pappus consists of many rows of simple, fine to minutely rough hairs, united in a circular base.〔 ''Onopordum'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ''Coleophora onopordiella'' (feeds exclusively on ''O. acanthium''). In the Greek island of Crete a native species called agriagginara (αγριαγγινάρα) or koufoti (κουφωτοί) has its heads (flowers) and tender leaves eaten raw by the locals. ;Species〔 # ''Onopordum acanthium'' L. - Cotton Thistle, Scotch thistle, Scotch common-thistle, heraldic thistle, woolly thistle - widespread across Europe and temperate Asia # ''Onopordum acaulon'' L. - Stemless thistle, horse thistle - France, Spain, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia # ''Onopordum alexandrinum'' Boiss. - Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan # ''Onopordum algeriense'' (Munby) Pomel - Algeria # ''Onopordum ambiguum'' Fresen. - Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan # ''Onopordum anatolicum'' (Boiss.) Eig. - Turkey # ''Onopordum arenarium'' M.Hossain & M.A.A.Al-Sarraf - Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya # ''Onopordum armenum'' Grossh. - Caucasus, Iran, Turkey # ''Onopordum blancheanum'' (Eig) Danin - Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon # ''Onopordum boissierianum'' Raab-Straube & Greuter - Turkey # ''Onopordum bracteatum'' Boiss. & Heldr. - Greece, Turkey, Cyprus # ''Onopordum canum'' Eig - Iran, Jordan, Israel, Turkey # ''Onopordum carduchorum'' Bornm. & Beauverd - Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran # ''Onopordum carduelium'' Bolle - Canary Islands # ''Onopordum carduiforme'' Boiss. - Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan # ''Onopordum carmanicum'' (Bornm.) Bornm. - Iran # ''Onopordum caulescens'' d'Urv. - Greece # ''Onopordum cinereum'' Grossh. - Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan # ''Onopordum corymbosum'' Willk. - France, Spain # ''Onopordum cynarocephalum'' Boiss. & Blanche - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan # ''Onopordum cyrenaicum'' Maire & Weiller - Libya # ''Onopordum dissectum'' Murb. - Spain, Morocco # ''Onopordum dyris'' Maire - Morocco # ''Onopordum elongatum'' Lam. # ''Onopordum eriocephalum'' Rouy - France # ''Onopordum espinae'' Coss. # ''Onopordum heteracanthum'' C.A.Mey. - Caucasus, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia # ''Onopordum horridum'' Viv. - Italy # ''Onopordum illyricum'' L. - Illyrian Thistle, Illyrian Cottonthistle - Mediterranean # ''Onopordum leptolepis'' DC. - from Palestine to Altay + Xinjiang # ''Onopordum macracanthum'' Schousb. - Spain, Portugal, Italy, Morocco, Algeria # ''Onopordum macrocanthum'' d'Urv. # ''Onopordum macrocephalum'' Eig - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan # ''Onopordum mesatlanticum'' Emb. & Maire - Morocco # ''Onopordum micropterum'' Pau - Spain, Canary Islands # ''Onopordum minor'' L. - Iran # ''Onopordum myriacanthum'' Boiss. - Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria # ''Onopordum nervosum'' Boiss. - Moor's cottonthistle - Spain, Portugal # ''Onopordum parnassicum'' Boiss. & Heldr. - Greece, Turkey # ''Onopordum platylepis'' (Coss. ex Murb.) Murb. - Libya, Tunisia # ''Onopordum polycephalum'' Boiss. - Turkey # ''Onopordum prjachinii'' Tamamsch. - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan # ''Onopordum seravschanicum'' Tamamsch. - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan # ''Onopordum sibthorpianum'' Boiss. & Heldr. - Greece, Sicily, Malta, Turkey, Macedonia, Saudi Arabia # ''Onopordum tauricum'' Willd. - Turkish thistle, Taurian thistle, Taurus cottonthistle, bull cottonthistle - southern + central Europe, Ukraine, Middle East # ''Onopordum turcicum'' Danin - Turkey # ''Onopordum wallianum'' Maire - Morocco ;Natural hybrids * ''Onopordum'' × ''brevicaule'' (''Onopordum acaulon'' × ''Onopordum acanthium'' ) * ''Onopordum'' × ''erectum'' (''Onopordum nervosum'' ssp. ''castellanum'' × ''Onopordum tauricum'' ssp. ''corymbosum'' ) * ''Onopordum'' × ''macronervosum'' (''Onopordum nervosum'' × ''Onopordum macrocanthum'') * ''Onopordum'' × ''onubense'' (''Onopordum dissectum'' × ''Onopordum macrocanthum'') * ''Onopordum'' × ''spinosissimum'' (''Onopordum illyricum'' × ''Onopordum acanthium'') ==Invasive problems== Some species of ''Onopordum'' have been introduced as ornamental plants in the temperate regions of North America and Australia, where they have become naturalised in the wild. In most of these countries, these thistles are considered noxious weeds, especially in Australia where a biological control program has been set up (using the Rosette Crown Weevil, ''Trichosirocalus briesei''). In North America, there are also ''Trichosirocalus'' control programs, but they have proved detrimental to native thistles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Onopordum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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